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June 19, 2020
The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (HRNK) cordially invites you to: Remembering Otto: A Conversation with Cindy Warmbier Friday, June 19, 2020 11:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Dear Friend of HRNK,   We wish to invite you to join us for a Zoom conversation with Mrs. Cindy Warmbier, mother of Otto Warmbier. HRNK Executive Director Greg Scarlatoiu will moderate a virtual meeting with Mrs. Warmbier, to be held from 11:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. on Friday, June 19th, the day we commemorate three years since the tragic passing of Otto at the hands of the Kim regime.   Otto Warmbier, a bright, handsome, and talented 22-year-old Ohio native and University of Virginia student, passed away on June 19th, 2017, from injuries suffered while detained on fabricated charges in North Korea.   The Kim regime imprisoned and killed Otto. Ever since their beloved son was taken away from them, Cindy and Fred Warmbier have relentlessly pursued truth and justice for him and for the millions of unknown North Koreans who have been similarly subjected to the brutality of the Kim regime.   As the United States and the world are struggling to cope with unprecedented challenges, we hope you can join Mrs. Warmbier and HRNK in this celebration of Otto’s life and legacy.   Please confirm your participation by emailing your RSVP directly to Rosa Park, HRNK's Director of Programs: [email protected] Once we receive your RSVP, we will send you Zoom credentials.   Sincerely yours,   The HRNK Team
June 17, 2020
The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (HRNK) cordially invites you to: Six Years after the UN COI Report: A Discussion with Justice Michael Kirby Wednesday, June 17, 2020 7:00 p.m. – 8:00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) This event will be on the record. HRNK Executive Director Greg Scarlatoiu will moderate a conversation with The Honorable Michael Kirby, former Chief Commissioner of the UN Commission of Inquiry on human rights in the DPRK. Justice Kirby and Executive Director Scarlatoiu will address the post-UN COI state of human rights in North Korea and measures needed to bring about improvement. Please send your RSVP to the attention of Rosa Park, HRNK’s Director of Programs, at [email protected] Once we receive your RSVP, we will send you Zoom credentials. Biography of The Honorable Michael Kirby When he retired from the High Court of Australia on 2 February 2009, Michael Kirby was Australia’s longest serving judge. He was first appointed in 1975 as a Deputy President of the Australian Conciliation & Arbitration Commission.  Soon after, he became inaugural Chairman of the Australian Law Reform Commission (1975-84).  Later, he was appointed a Judge of the Federal Court of Australia, then President of the New South Wales Court of Appeal (1984-96) and, concurrently, President of the Court of Appeal of Solomon Islands (1995-6).  His appointment to the High Court of Australia followed in 1996 and he served thirteen years.  In later years, he was Acting Chief Justice of Australia twice. In addition to his judicial duties, Michael Kirby has served on three university governing bodies being elected Chancellor of Macqua
March 19, 2020
The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (HRNK), The Office of the Korea Chair at CSIS, and the George W. Bush Institute cordially invite you to: Human Rights in North Korea: Regaining Lost Ground featuring    Amb. Robert King Board Member, The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea Senior Adviser, CSIS Korea Chair Former Special Envoy for North Korean Human Rights Issue   Dr. Victor Cha Senior Advisor and Korea Chair, CSIS Vice Dean for Faculty and Graduate Affairs and D.S.-Song - KF Professor of Government, Georgetown University Fellow in Human Freedom, George W. Bush Institute   Ms. Roberta Cohen Co-Chair Emeritus, The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea   Mr. Lindsay Lloyd Bradford M. Freeman Director of the Human Freedom Initiative, George W. Bush Institute   Mr. Greg Scarlatoiu Executive Director, The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea More speakers to be announced. In the past three years, the momentum to bring human dignity to the citizens of North Korea has lost ground. In 2018, the UN Security Council failed to renew a debate on North Korean human rights abuses in its chambers for the first time since the release of the 2012 Report of the Commission of Inquiry (COI) on Human Rights in North Korea. To galvanize momentum on human rights issues and to promote discussions of concrete and actionable policy recommendations with a focus on creating change, current and former government officials, scholars, and experts will address developments after the UN COI, explore the nexus of human rights and denuclearization, hear the stories of North Korean refugees, and present new research in the area of human rights. This event wi
December 18, 2019
The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (HRNK) cordially invites you to the rollout of its report: Digital Trenches: North Korea's Information Counter-Offensive Wednesday, December 18, 2019 9:30 – 11:00 a.m. National Press Club Holeman Lounge 529 14th St NW, Washington, DC 20045 AGENDA Introductory Remarks:  The Honorable Robert King Former U.S. Special Envoy for North Korean Human Rights Issues Board Member, HRNK Presenter: Martyn Williams Author, Digital Trenches: North Korea’s Information Counter-Offensive Discussants: Michael C. Anderson Major, USMC (ret.) Thomas Barker Partner, Co-Chair, Healthcare Practice, Foley Hoag LLP Board Member, HRNK David Maxwell Senior Fellow, Foundation for Defense of Democracies Board Member, HRNK Moderator: Greg Scarlatoiu Executive Director, HRNK   RSVP Please join HRNK for introductory remarks by HRNK Board Member and the former U.S. Special Envoy for North Korean Human Rights Issues,  The Honorable Robert King, and a presentation by the author, Martyn Williams as well as a discussion with Michael C. Anderson, Thomas Barker, and David Maxwell.  Please contact HRNK Director of Programs and Editor Rosa Park at ro
October 18, 2019
The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (HRNK) cordially invites you to:  Lost Generation: The Health and Human Rights of North Korean Children, 1990–2018 Friday, October 18, 2019 9:30 – 11:00 a.m. Cannon 122 27 Independence Ave SE Washington, DC 20003 AGENDA Speaker: W. Courtland Robinson Author, Lost Generation: The Health and Human Rights of North Korean Children, 1990–2018 Discussants: Roberta Cohen Co-Chair Emeritus, HRNK Marcus Noland Executive Vice President and Director of Studies, Peterson Institute for International Economics Board Member, HRNK Moderator: Greg Scarlatoiu Executive Director, HRNK Featuring: Members of Congress Please click here to RSVP On the 15th anniversary of the signing of the North Korean Human Rights Act into law, HRNK highlights the health and human rights status of the children of North Korea. After 61 interviews conducted in China and South Korea, HRNK's latest report, Lost Generation: The Health and Human Rights of North Korean Children, 1990–2018, applies a public health perspective that treats health as a human right that must be guaranteed to every child in North Korea without discrimination. The report also comprehensively lays out recommendations for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the P
September 18, 2019
North Korea is the world’s most repressive state — and the Organization and Guidance Department (OGD) is the key apparatus in Pyongyang’s administration of tyranny. The OGD may be little known in the United States, but, according to North Korean defector Jang Jin-sung, it is “the only entity that actually matters when it comes to decision-making or policy-making” in the Kim family regime. What exactly is the OGD, how does it operate, and why do North Korea watchers, American policymakers, and human rights activists need to know about it? Robert M. Collins lifts the veil on this ominous apparatus in the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea’s new report “Organization and Guidance Department: Control Tower of Human Rights Denial.” Please join AEI’s Nicholas Eberstadt for a panel discussion on the report and the latest research about the OGD. Agenda 1:45 PM Registration 2:00 PM Welcome: Nicholas Eberstadt, AEI 2:05 PM Introductory remarks: Greg Scarlatiou, Committee for Human Rights in North Korea 2:15 PM Remarks: Robert M. Collins, Committee for Human Rights in North Korea 2:35 PM Panelists: Robert M. Collins, Committee for Human Rights in North Korea Markus V. Garlauskas, US Government David Maxwell, Foundation for the Defense of Democracies Moderator: Nicholas Eberstadt, AEI 3:30 PM Adjournment
July 30, 2019
Please click here to view the full agenda. 
July 29, 2019
On Monday, July 29, Executive Director Greg Scarlatoiu was the keynote speaker at an event organized by the Hwa Jeong Peace Foundation at the Seoul Press Center. The event was titled "North Korean Human Rights and International Society Action, attended by about 80 participants. Scarlatoiu gave a Korean language presentation about HRNK's history and current activities and provided comments on the history and current state of U.S. and South Korean policy on North Korean human rights as well as current challenges at the UN. His comment that South Korea's current policy on North Korean human rights was not clear was picked up by the Donga Daily in an article dedicated exclusively to Scarlatoiu's remarks. The Donga Daily also reported on Scarlatoiu's urging the South Korean government to resume support for North Korean human rights organization, as most of them can now only rely on US support as their only remaining lifeline. The Donga Daily article is available through the following link: http://www.donga.com/news/article/all/20190729/96750031/1
June 04, 2019
The Annual Conference of the International Council on Korean Studies and the Council on Korea-U.S. Security Studies jointly with The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (HRNK), Seoul National University Alumni Group, the Korea Economic Institute of America, and the One Korea Foundation cordially invite you to: ICKS Annual Conference: Security Challenges on the Korean Peninsula in 2019: Prospects for Peace and Stability Tuesday, June 4, 2019 8:45 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. Korea Economic Institute of America 1800 K Street NW 3rd Floor Washington, D.C. 20006 8:15 a.m. - Registration 8:45 a.m. – 9:00 a.m. - Opening Remarks Speakers: General Byung Kwan Kim, ROKA (Retired), Co-Chairman, Council on U.S.-Korean Security Studies (ROK Council) General John H. Tilelli, Jr., USA (Retired), Co-Chairman, Council on U.S.-Korean Security Studies (U.S. Council) Dr. Bruce E. Bechtol, Jr., President, International Council of Korean Studies and Angelo State University Mr. Greg Scarlatoiu, Executive Director, Committee for Human Rights in North Korea Mr. Troy Stangarone, Korea Economic Institute 9:00 a.m. – 11:15 a.m. - Panel I. North and South Korea: Economic Reconciliation? Moderator: General & Dr. Jae Chang Kim, ROKA (Retired) Papers: “Sanctions, Inter-Korean Relations and North Korea's Denuclearization," Dr. Ihn-hwi Park, Ehwa Womans University “The North Korean Economic System: Challenges and Issues," Mr. Kyle Ferrier, Korea Economic Institute of America &q
May 03, 2019
RSVP on Eventbrite Hudson Institute, the Government of Japan, and the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (HRNK) will host a seminar addressing the abduction of Japanese, South Korean, American and nationals of other countries by North Korea. This two-part seminar will feature families of abductees who will discuss the process of seeking to learn the fate of loved ones held in North Korea. The seminar will also explore international cooperation toward the comprehensive resolution of outstanding issues of concern such as abductions, nuclear, and missile issues. For part one, we have speakers from Japan, the Republic of Korea and the United States, including abductee family members, to talk about their agony. For part two, Japanese and U.S. officials will give remarks regarding their work on the abductions issue and will include a question and answer session with the audience. This event will include simultaneous translations. NOTE: This event is open to the press. All members of the media should RSVP to [email protected]
May 01, 2019
Dear Colleague: You are invited to the Korea Club event on Wednesday, May 1, 2019. The event will feature Mr. Jung Gwang-il, Founder and Director of "No Chain" and survivor of Political Prison Camp No. 15 in North Korea. He will share his memories of detention and his current work to keep the North Korean human rights situation in focus. Mr. Jung will share complimentary copies of his organization's report "Yoduk List" with the participants. The report comprises a list of 180 victims of enforced disappearances whom he met while being detained at Camp No. 15. Jung Gwang-il was a prisoner at No.15 Yodok Political Penal-labor Colony for three years, from 1999 to 2002. He is currently one of the best-known former North Koreans involved in outreach activities aiming to expose North Korea’s human rights violations and to inform the international public opinion on the human rights situation in that country. Mr. Jung’s UN testimony was critical in passing a resolution on North Korean human rights by the UN General Assembly in the fall of 2014. He has provided testimony to UN representatives in New York City and Geneva and human rights organizations around the world. He has also been compiling lists of prisoner names in North Korea, a rare asset in the hands of the North Korean human rights investigator. Such information will prove critical to the accountability and transitional justice process in North Korea. PROGRAM DETAILS The dinner will start at 7:00 pm, followed by the speaker’s presentation and Q & A session. The program will conclude at 9:00 pm. The cost of the dinner is $25.00, payable at the door by check, cash or credit card. RSVP is required for this program. Seating is limited. 
March 05, 2019
Please RSVP by February 25, 2019.  Lea PEREKRESTS, Human Rights Without Frontiers. Presentation title: Defending Human Rights in North Korea at the United Nations: a year in review As the Deputy Director of HRWF, Lea Perekrests has worked on North Korean human rights issues for the past three years. She has specifically looked at the issue of North Korean overseas workers around the globe, presenting her research at Leiden University, the United Nations in Geneva, as well as in Brussels. Her knowledge expands regionally, as she has developed research regarding religious communities in China, South Korea, and South-east Asia. Created in Brussels in 2001, Human Rights Without Frontiers International (HRWF Int’l) is a non-profit association that seeks to shape European and international policy in ways that strengthen democracy, uphold the rule of law and protect human rights globally.  Greg SCARLATOIU, Executive Director of the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (HRNK) Washington, D.C. Greg Scarlatoiu is a visiting professor at the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies in Seoul as well as instructor and coordinator of the Korean Peninsula and Japan class at the U.S. State Department’s Foreign Service Institute (FSI).  Scarlatoiu is vice president of the executive board of the International Council on Korean Studies (ICKS). He has over six years of experience in international development, on projects funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, the World Bank, and the Asian Development Bank. For sixteen years, Scarlatoiu has authored and broadcast the weekly Korean language ‘Scarlatoiu Column’ to North Korea for Radio Free Asia. A seasoned lecturer on Korean issues, Scarlatoiu is a frequent
February 22, 2019
The Committee For Human Rights in North Korea (HRNK) & the North Korea Strategy Center (NKSC) cordially invite you to: FEARPOLITIK:  Kim Jong-un's Great Purge Friday, February 22, 2019 12:30 p.m. – 2:30 p.m. National Press Club Holeman Lounge 529 14th Street, NW, 13th Floor Washington, DC 20045 The event will feature a new NKSC report, including a list of names and backgrounds of senior officials purged under the Kim Jong-un regime. AGENDA Speakers: KANG CHOL-HWAN Chairman, North Korea Strategy Center PETER LEE CEO, North Korea Strategy Center U.S., Inc. DAVID MAXWELL Senior Fellow, Foundation for Defense of Democracies Board Member, HRNK Moderator: GREG SCARLATOIU Executive Director, HRNK Lunch will be provided.  The event will be on the record.    RSVP Please email Rosa Park, HRNK Director of Programs, at [email protected] with any questions or concerns.
January 30, 2019
Dear Colleague: You are invited to the Korea Club event on Wednesday, January 30, 2019. The event will feature Mr. Yonho Kim, who will give a presentation entitled, "North Korea's Mobile Telecommunications and Private Transportation Services in the Kim Jong-un Era." The presentation is based on a paper recently published under the same title on HRNK Insider, available through the following link: http://www.hrnkinsider.org/2019/01/north-koreas-mobile-telecommunications.html.  Yonho Kim is a Non-Resident Fellow at the Korea Economic Institute of America (KEI). He is a former Senior Researcher of the US-Korea Institute (USKI) at Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies and the former editor of the USKI Washington Review, a bi-weekly Korean report on current foreign policy developments in Washington with regards to the Korean Peninsula. Mr. Kim also manages projects on the North Korean political economy and is the author of “Cell Phones in North Korea: Has North Korea Entered the Telecommunications Revolution?” Prior to joining USKI, he was a Senior Reporter for Voice of America’s Korean Service, where he covered the North Korean economy, North Korea’s illicit activities, and economic sanctions against North Korea. From 2003 to 2008, Mr. Kim was a broadcaster for Radio Free Asia’s Korean Service, focusing on developments in and around North Korea and US-ROK alliance issues. From 2001 to 2003, he was the Assistant Director of the Atlantic Council’s Program on Korea in Transition, where he conducted in-depth research on South Korean domestic politics.  Mr. Kim holds a B.A. and M.A. in International Relations from Seoul National University, and an M.A. in International Relations and International Economics from the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced Inter
December 19, 2018
AGENDA Author: ROBERT COLLINS Discussants: DAVID MAXWELL Senior Fellow, Foundation for Defense of Democracies Board Member, HRNK JUNG PAK Senior Fellow and SK-Korea Foundation Chair in Korea Studies, The Brookings Institution Moderator:  GREG SCARLATOIU Executive Director, HRNK The event will be on the record.    RSVP Please email Rosa Park, HRNK Director of Programs, at [email protected] with any questions or concerns.
July 31, 2018
Please click here to view the conference brochure of the 2018 HUFS International Summer Session entitled "NORTH KOREAN HUMAN RIGHTS: DIPLOMACY, DOCUMENTATION, AND ADVOCACY" to be held at HUFS on Tuesday, July 31, 2018 from 17:30 to 19:30. 
July 24, 2018
    Korea Club with Andrei Lankov TUESDAY | July 24, 2018 6:30 pm – 9:00 pm   Kim Jong-un's Survival Strategy, Why It Might Work Guest Speaker: Andrei Lankov Director of Korea Risk Group Professor at Kookmin University Woo Lae Oak Korean Restaurant 8240 Leesburg Pike Vienna, VA 22182 Dear Colleague: You are invited to a special summer meeting of the Korea Club on Tuesday, July 24, 2018. The event w
May 29, 2018
The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (HRNK) and No Chain cordially invite you to: ​​ An Investigation into the Human Rights Situation in North Korea's Political Prison Camps: Testimonies of Detainee Families Tuesday, May 29, 2018 ​2:00 p.m. – 3:30 p.m. National Press Club Holeman Lounge 529 14th Street, NW, 13th Floor Washington, DC 20045 AGENDA Presenter: JUNG GWANG-IL Founder and President, No Chain Discussants: OLIVIA ENOS Policy Analyst, The Heritage Foundation ROSA PARK Director of Programs and Editor, HRNK Moderator:  GREG SCARLATOIU Executive Director, HRNK Interpreter:  HUIWON YUN HRNK Q&A Closing Remarks The event will be on the record.  ​Please email Rosa Park, HRNK Director of Programs, at [email protected] to RSVP. 
February 21, 2018
Korea Club WEDNESDAY | February 21, 2018 6:30 pm – 9:00 pm The Nexus of Human Rights and Nuclear Weapons in North Korea Guest Speaker: Ambassador Robert Joseph Senior Scholar, National Institute for Public Policy Former Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Woo Lae Oak Korean Restaurant 8240 Leesburg Pike Vienna, VA 22182 Dear Colleague: You are invited to attend a meeting of the Korea Club on Wednesday, February 21, 2018. The event will feature Ambassador Robert Joseph, who will give a presentation entitled, "The Nexus of Human Rights and Nuclear Weapons in North Korea." Ambassador Robert Joseph is a Senior Scholar at the National Institute for Public Policy. Until March 2007, Ambassador Joseph was Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security. In this capacity, he reported directly to the Secretary of State as the principal State Department officer for non- and counterproliferation matters, arms control, arms transfers, regional security and defense relations, and security assistance. His management responsibilities included oversight of three major bureaus headed by Assistant Secretaries of State: International Security and Nonproliferation; Political and Military Affairs; and Verification, Compliance&nbs
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This report proposes a long-term, multilateral legal strategy, using existing United Nations resolutions and conventions, and U.S. statutes that are either codified or proposed in appended model legislation, to find, freeze, forfeit, and deposit the proceeds of the North Korean government's kleptocracy into international escrow. These funds would be available for limited, case-by-case disbursements to provide food and medical care for poor North Koreans, and--contingent upon Pyongyang's progress

National Strategy for Countering North Korea
Joseph, Collins, DeTrani, Eberstadt, Enos, Maxwell, Scarlatoiu
Jan 23, 2023

For thirty years, U.S. North Korea policy have sacrificed human rights for the sake of addressing nuclear weapons. Both the North Korean nuclear and missile programs have thrived. Sidelining human rights to appease the North Korean regime is not the answer, but a fundamental flaw in U.S. policy. (Published by the National Institute for Public Policy)

North Korea’s forced labor enterprise and its state sponsorship of human trafficking certainly continued until the onset of the COVID pandemic. HRNK has endeavored to determine if North Korean entities responsible for exporting workers to China and Russia continued their activities under COVID as well.

George Hutchinson's The Suryong, the Soldier, and Information in the KPA is the second of three building blocks of a multi-year HRNK project to examine North Korea's information environment. Hutchinson's thoroughly researched and sourced report addresses the circulation of information within the Korean People's Army (KPA). Understanding how KPA soldiers receive their information is needed to prepare information campaigns while taking into account all possible contingenc

North Korea’s Political Prison Camp, Kwan-li-so No. 14, Update 1
Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., Greg Scarlatoiu, and Amanda Mortwedt Oh
Dec 22, 2021

This report is part of a comprehensive long-term project undertaken by HRNK to use satellite imagery and former prisoner interviews to shed light on human suffering in North Korea by monitoring activity at political prison facilities throughout the nation. This is the second HRNK satellite imagery report detailing activity observed during 2015 to 2021 at a prison facility commonly identified by former prisoners and researchers as “Kwan-li-so No. 14 Kaech’ŏn” (39.646810, 126.117058) and

North Korea's Long-term Prison-Labor Facility, Kyo-hwa-so No.3, T’osŏng-ni (토성리)
Joseph S Bermudez Jr, Greg Scarlatoiu, Amanda Oh, & Rosa Tokola
Nov 03, 2021

This report is part of a comprehensive long-term project undertaken by HRNK to use satellite imagery and former prisoner interviews to shed light on human suffering in North Korea by monitoring activity at civil and political prison facilities throughout the nation. This study details activity observed during 1968–1977 and 2002–2021 at a prison facility commonly identified by former prisoners and researchers as "Kyo-hwa-so No. 3, T'osŏng-ni" and endeavors to e

North Korea’s Political Prison Camp, Kwan-li-so No. 25, Update 3
Joseph S Bermudez Jr, Greg Scarlatoiu, Amanda Oh, & Rosa Tokola
Sep 30, 2021

This report is part of a comprehensive long-term project undertaken by HRNK to use satellite imagery and former detainee interviews to shed light on human suffering in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK, more commonly known as North Korea) by monitoring activity at political prison facilities throughout the nation. This report provides an abbreviated update to our previous reports on a long-term political prison commonly identified by former prisoners and researchers as Kwan-li-so

North Korea’s Potential Long-Term  Prison-Labor Facility at Sŏnhwa-dong (선화동)
Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., Greg Scarlatoiu, Amanda Oh, & Rosa Park
Aug 26, 2021

Through satellite imagery analysis and witness testimony, HRNK has identified a previously unknown potential kyo-hwa-so long-term prison-labor facility at Sŏnhwa-dong (선화동) P’ihyŏn-gun, P’yŏngan-bukto, North Korea. While this facility appears to be operational and well maintained, further imagery analysis and witness testimony collection will be necessary in order to irrefutably confirm that Sŏnhwa-dong is a kyo-hwa-so.

North Korea’s Long-term Prison-Labor Facility Kyo-hwa-so No. 8, Sŭngho-ri (승호리) - Update
Joseph S Bermudez, Jr, Greg Scarlatoiu, Amanda M Oh, & Rosa Park
Jul 22, 2021

"North Korea’s Long-term Prison-Labor Facility Kyo-hwa-so No. 8, Sŭngho-ri (승호리) - Update" is the latest report under a long-term project employing satellite imagery analysis and former political prisoner testimony to shed light on human suffering in North Korea's prison camps.

Human Rights in the Democratic Republic of Korea: The Role of the United Nations" is HRNK's 50th report in our 20-year history. This is even more meaningful as David Hawk's "Hidden Gulag" (2003) was the first report published by HRNK. In his latest report, Hawk details efforts by many UN member states and by the UN’s committees, projects and procedures to promote and protect human rights in the DPRK.  The report highlights North Korea’s shifts in its approach

South Africa’s Apartheid and North Korea’s Songbun: Parallels in Crimes against Humanity by Robert Collins underlines similarities between two systematically, deliberately, and thoroughly discriminatory repressive systems. This project began with expert testimony Collins submitted as part of a joint investigation and documentation project scrutinizing human rights violations committed at North Korea’s short-term detention facilities, conducted by the Committee for Human Rights